Traditionally double-distilled in Charentais copper pot stills and aged in French Oak barrels for at least four years, Shay draws together the aromatic elegance. o. Designed by an award. Best Napoléon: François Voyer's Napoléon Cognac – See at Cognac Experts. Please enter a search term. Cognac is a specific type of barrel-aged brandy made in the Cognac region of France. 15, 2021, 01:13 PM. S. Serves Serves 1. Click & Collect Delivery. Step into a new era of distinction with Le Portier Shay, a VSOP cognac that embodies intricate craftsmanship and centuries-old tradition. Endless tastings of casks and shipping of samples to LA later, we have replicated that same smoothness, hint of spice and butterscotch notes that. On Promotion. Buy Le Portier Cognac Shay VSOP By Shannon Sharpe® online from the #1 Cognac shop in the USA & we'll deliver it right to your door. Introducing the first premium French Cognac 80 proof coffee spirit, Grand Brulot is a one of a kind Cognac, hand-crafted exclusively in France. Sign In / Register. Courvoisier Cognac VSOP Read Full Review. 25 with ⓘ. Shay is a sophisticated spirit and a . There are several grades of Hennessy Cognac that designate how long it’s been aged: VS or 3 stars (2 years) VSOP (4 years) Napoléon (6 years) XO (10 years) Watch out, bottles of XO can be upwards of $200! No need to go that high-end, of course. S$277. Le Portier. Martell is known for its linear, fruit-forward style, and this example combines a basket of tropical fruits with spice and tannin from quite forward oak. Cocktail Recipes. Normandin Mercier 7 VSOP Read Full. Enjoy it neat, on the rocks, in a variety of cocktails or simply mixed with ginger ale. Founded way back in 1724, Rémy Martin is one of the big four cognac houses (along with Martell, Courvoisier, and Hennessey). This versatility made it enjoyable neat, on the rocks, frozen, or in a cocktail. This is conveniently forgetting that roughly two-thirds of the Cognac consumed on the planet is from the VS (Very Special) and VSOP (Very Superior Old Pale) classifications. D'ussé was originally envisioned by the longest-serving cellar master Michel Casavecchia and launched by Sovereign. A family-owned and operated affair for nearly 250 years, the House of Prunier has mastered the art of aging and blending carefully selected spirits. Introduced in 1927, Grand Marnier Cuvée du Centenaire commemorates the 100th anniversary of the House of Marnier Lapostolle. Contactless delivery and your first delivery or pickup order is free! Start shopping online now with Instacart to. 96 Points. The eaux-de-vie are required to age for a minimum of 4 years in oak casks. Leveraging the team's industry expertise and insider resources, the founders have researched and developed a dynamic new approach to the spirit market. Find prices for Gautier Cognac VSOP, a blend from the four leading terroirs of the region. can only be used if the eau-de-vie has been aged for a least 10 years. This is a nicely poised VS, with aromas of jasmine blossom, ripe grapes and some fine oak tannin, all held together by a honeyed texture. From the legend that is Shannon Sharpe, comes the legend to be; Le Portier. The aging process plays a crucial role in shaping the flavor profiles of cognacs – VS cognacs are young and fruity, while VSOP is complex and. Primary Menu. According to Le Portier Cognac’s website, its first release is 25,000. The famous Jay Z Cognac liquor in a Cross of Lorraine decanter. Add to cart. Sharpe's VSOP (Shay) is the inaugural release from Le Portier, selling If there's one bottle you're not going to want to miss, it's the award-winning cognac that's shaking up the global spirits market across the U. 50 with ⓘ. Aged for a minimum of four years, VSOP Cognacs are great all-rounders – perfect for mixing and cocktails, but smooth enough to sip neat as well. Shay VSOP by Le Portier is an inaugural release of just 25,000 bottles. P. Martell. 1 Cognac VSOP. Dan, Shannon and Jay also talk through the specificities of cognac and the rules that must be followed to be able to call it Cognac, so tune in to find out more about cognac, Le Portier and the ‘phenomenal’ Shay VSOP. Visit Courvoisier: 2, place du Chateau ,16200 Jarnac ,+33 (0)5 45 35 55 55 ,Visits from May until October, with multimedia. S. s. Martell VSOP is a blend of eaux-de-vie, the youngest of which has aged for at least 4 years. Discover our high end selection of cognac collections (XO, VSOP, 1738,. s. Get Le Portier Cognac Shay VSOP By Shannon Sharpe delivered to your door. 0,5 cl sugar syrup. The wait is over for Le Portier fans as Shannons VSOP Shay has made its way to the vibrant city of Las Vegas. Le Portier Shay VSOP_. Buy Le Portier Cognac Shay VSOP By Shannon Sharpe® online from the #1 Cognac shop in the USA & we'll deliver it right to your door. Given the. According to Le Portier Cognac’s website, its first release is 25,000. Sold out. Lending richness and sophistication to every occasion, it became the bottle of choice for connoisseurs like Shannon. D’Usse VSOP Cognac. A. We’ve always said that Shay VSOP is actually far more aged than most VSOPs, with a richer, more complex flavor profile than many older cognacs. It is available in two expressions (VSOP & XO), which have an alcohol content of 40%. Don't Add Water or Ice. X. S. The sleek bottle is housed in a rich, black wooden box, a soft gray lining protecting the liquid. VS cognac, “Very Special”. Changi Rewards Benefits. The Gautier VSOP, crafted by the Cellar Master from the four leading «growths» of the Cognac region, is a blend with particularly delicate aromas in a perfect marriage of generous, full-bodied Cognacs. In fact, a rare bottle signed by the legendary rapper sold at an auction for a whopping $52,000! Don’t worry, though — not all expressions from the brand command. Truly's Cooka Concentrate Ingrown Serum is topical concentrate designed to relieve, prevent ingrown formation in areas prone to redness and irritation. Rémy Martin VSOP cognac is highly versatile thanks to the complexity and elegance of its aromas. Please enter a search term. Cellar master Christoph Tardy a fifth-generation Cognac producer. Released ongoing. Starting at $55. This product is a Grande Champagne VSOP cognac with 40% ABV like Villon. BB Cocktails – O-I Glass. Jean Fillioux Subtil & So… VSOP Read Full Review. The Leyrat VSOP Reserve Cognac is a delicate blend offering a fruity and oaky taste experience, complemented by a distinct note of violets on the nose. "Shay" by Le Portier is a VSOP cognac that challenges traditional market norms by offering the complexity of a luxury VSOP at a more accessible price point. Find out where to buy Le Portier Cognac Shay VSOP By Shannon Sharpe online. O. News. D'Ussé is a premium Cognac brand produced in the prestigious Château du Cognac, one of the oldest Cognac houses in France. West Virginia State Police Investigation; Kent Carper InvestigationShay VSOP is available exclusively in the US from ReserveBar in limited quantities in December. Shay is a sophisticated spirit and a modern expression of an ancient craft; a world-class blend of Grande Champagne, Petite Champagne and Fin Bois, aged for more than four. 4. Starting at $88. This is a more savory cognac, with slightly floral and savory, mushroom notes on the nose. The remaining bottles of the 25,000 released in this first edition will be available in the new year. Quantity of Hennessy VS Cognac. Hershey Bears win two Calder Cup games after lucky. Planat Organic Cognac VSOP Read Full Review. com. Delivery. Limited Editions Discover our 300Y anniversary holiday collection. There’s a strong sense this bottle is trying to attract whiskey drinkers: Bottled at 46 percent ABV, the small-batch blend comprises 25- and 15. But, we have to admit, discovering the smoothest Cognac is a fun (and never ending) pastime. Castle & Key Roots of Ruin Gin. Starting at $83. Local; Black History Month; Your Local Election HQ; CrimeConclusion. 00 Black-Owned. Many dates are approximate and all data is subject to change as I refine my research. Hennessy. Elegant and harmonious, Martell VSOP is an authentic expression of the Martell style. Le Portier Cognac Shay VSOP By Shannon Sharpe. A Cognac of Unparalleled Elegance. 3 dashes of Angostura Bitters. XO cognac, “Extra Old”. Try them today, earn rewards and get free shipping from Thompson Cigar. Le Portier Shay Cognac VSOP with Gift Box (750 ML). 00. Please enter a search term. Rémy Martin VSOP is a cognac that has been produced by Rémy Martin since 1724. O. . Silver from the International Spirits Challenge 2022 and Gold from The Spirits Business Cognac 2022 in the VSOP Super Premium category. REMY MARTIN. This exceptional cognac is made from the most prestigious eaux-de-vie of vines harvested from four main crus: Petite and Grande Champagne, Fin Bois and Bons Bois. 00 Veuve ClicquotConscious Beauty at Ulta Beauty™. A Cognac of Unparalleled Elegance. Go to shop . “Delicious apple, cinnamon, and plum” is how Ms. Quality VSOP. In the world of bourbon, Calumet 14-Year Bourbon stands as a testament to time-honored traditions and exceptional craftsmanship. liquor. News. From the legend that is Shannon Sharpe, comes the legend to be; Le Portier. Find out where to buy Le Portier Cognac Shay VSOP By Shannon Sharpe online. Like we say, there are no hard and fast rules because different bottles use different ages in varying proportions, but VSOP is what Aidy and Helena use most during The Three Drinkers in. Shay is a sophisticated spirit and a Le Portier Cognac Shay VSOP By Shannon Sharpe – DramFellows. The Shay VSOP from Le Portier is an iconic blend of Petite Champagne, Grande Champagne, and Gin Boise with an alcohol content of 40%. Standard delivery 1-2 weeks More shipping info Shipping info. Top Rated Cognac. The eaux-de-vie are required to age for a minimum of 4 years in oak casks. Cognac is a type of French brandy, a liquor made from distilling wine. Add. Company Rémy Cointreau. Craft Beer. A dessert-like Cognac, this bottle is brimming with sweet brown sugar, rich plum, and baked apple cinnamon notes. Camus Intensely Aromatic VSOP Read Full Review. Jobs People Learning3. Ferrand Double Cask Reserve Cognac Read Full Review. Heading into the $100 and up category, we have Hennessy’s XO Cognac. Meukow is more expensive than Kelt, ranging from $30 to $1000 or so. The sleek bottle is housed in a rich, black wooden box, a soft gray lining protecting the liquid. or 4 payments of $16. It has now won SEVEN prestigious awards for taste and design, beating established brands such as Courvoisier and Rémy Martin, along with newer brands like Branson by Curtis "50 Cent" Jackson. From the legend that is Shannon Sharpe, comes the legend to be; Le Portier. Pick Up In stock. Marancheville VSOP Cognac. Bache-Gabrielsen's VS cognac is produced from a blend of ugni blanc grapes from the Fins Bois, Petite Champagne, and Grande Champagne crus. Item 2593251. The sleek bottle is housed in a rich, black wooden box, a soft gray lining protecting the liquid. 96 Points. The Domaine ABK6 is located in the Fins Bois. 00 Wine Down To Fall SHOP NOW In the VSOP – Super Premium round, comprising Cognacs selling for £51-£70, a Master medal went to Bacardi and Jay-Z’s D’Ussé VSOP. P. Beer & Spirits are not eligible for shipping to California More shipping info Shipping info. Why Choose Courvoisier VSOP: La Prestige De La France is the. Very. or 4 payments of $16. S. This Cognac's bottle looks more like an X. You don't have to spend a lot of money to enjoy some of the world's best cognacs. Crafted in collaboration with football legend, Shannon Sharpe, Shay is an icon in the making. France- Bisquit & Dubouche VSOP is an exceptional cognac mainly crafted from the most prestigious eaux-de-vie of Petite and Grande Champagne. On one of these tours, cognac expert and tour guide Gwendoline Poirier explained the best ways to drink three different types of cognac. In Stock. Normandin Mercier 7 VSOP. 9, 2023. The liquid in the glass reflects amber with orange highlights and has a soft vanilla aroma. Nose: A rich, evocative aroma of blackcurrant and caramelised. P. S, this gold color and versatile V. Le Portier cognac is a new luxury cognac launched by Shannon "Shay" Sharpe, Pro Football Hall of Famer and Fox Sports analyst and co-host. R 1,269 00. Careers. Shay by Le Portier will be released “in limited numbers” beginning December. Primary Menu. Kachaça! Cognac. Shay is a sophisticated spirit and a modern expression of an ancient craft; a world-class blend of. The eaux-de-vie are required to age for a minimum of 4 years in oak casks. The palate is silky, and its caramel. Local News; Election Results; Illinois News; NationalPlease enter a search term. Le Portier is another luxury spirit launched and founded by Shannon Sharpe [2], a Pro Footballer. Alcohol Delivered To Your Door. Crafted in collaboration with football legend, Shannon Sharpe, Shay is an icon in the. XO Cognac 700mL. Contactless delivery and your first delivery or pickup order is free! Start shopping online now with Instacart to get your favorite products on-demand. Engraving (+ $25. Primary Menu. Le Portier Shay VSOP. Shay by Le Portier. Le Portier Shay VSOP Cognac With Gift Box (750 ml) Delivery or Pickup Near Me - Instacart Fast delivery It’s all local Direct chat Alcohol Spirits Brandy and Cognac Le. P Cognac delivered to your door in under an hour! Drizly partners with liquor stores near you to provide fast and easy Alcohol delivery. Method: Add Zacapa, Hennessy, Mr. Mezcal. Shay VSOP is currently available to buy in 33 states exclusively from ReserveBar. D'USSÉ is the epitome of contemporary and tradition coming together in a cutting edge way. Ingredients: Cognac, Cointreau, lemon juice. 11. Shay Vsop Luxury Cognac by Tiago Russo. Bisquit & Dubouche VSOP is characterized by a warm amber color and a spicier bouquet than VS. Add to cart. . 00 Black-Owned. It’s a perfect drink to sip on after a high-quality meal. This makes an XXO cognac the oldest official rating a cognac can hold. Shannon Sharpe Celebrates Shay by Le Portier Cognac Launch. Leagues ahead of the. Shay by Le Portier has added two more medals to its trophy cabinet, winning Platinum - Best in Class at the prestigious SIP Awards and Gold from The San Francisco World Spirits Competition. It is sweet with lush fruits in the aroma. Courvoisier VS retails for $30 for a 750 ml bottle. 5 out of 5 stars (15) 4. These tend. For under $50, you. Le Portier’s inaugural. Buy Marancheville VSOP. Shay Le Portier Cognac VSOP costs around $98. 9, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- In another extraordinary alliance, Eagle Rock is now the exclusive distributor of "Shay" by Le Portier Cognac in Georgia – giving enthusiasts what they've been requesting continually on Le Portier's social media platforms: the opportunity to acquire Shannon's VSOP cognac in his hometown state. Primary Menu. 15, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- Pro Football Hall of Famer Shannon Sharpe today revealed his new premium cognac, 'Shay by Le Portier' . S. 10 : 39 : 49. Cognac Sold out. A beautifully rich, bold Cognac that represents excellent value for money. Mint Julep. $22 at Wine. Nov. No. This cognac offers a perfect balance between the lusciously fine, fruity notes and the subtle woody overtones. Judge takes home run away from Ohtani in MVP robbery 53 mins agoWhile the cognac is the star of the show, Le Portier 's cognacs are designed to be displayed. or 4 payments of $14. Starting at $88. $70. The award-winning Croizet VSOP Chic Cognac has been aged for well over the minimum four years required, giving it balance and a great aromatic richness of caramel, leather and chocolate. , which is somewhat fitting, given that its profile is way more. This is partly due to its shorter aging process and less complex flavor profile. As one of the most venerable alcohol producing regions in the world, Cognac is famed for its quality distillations and the brandy wine most associated with wealth, class, and sophistication. Learn about Hennesy 750ml prices and more. Starting at $88. Courvoisier VS is meticulously blended to defy category conventions. Luxury Wine & Spirits Gifts Delivered . Le Portier Cognac | 296 followers on LinkedIn. Crafted in collaboration with football legend, Shannon Sharpe, Shay is an icon in the. Company Courvoisier. Currently, the internet is trying to pile on Ja for some kids he was seemingly ignoring. VSOP add-bag-active Discover More L'Essence de. 93 Points. $50 . This product is bottled at 40% ABV and packaged in a 750ml bottle. The sleek bottle is housed in a rich, black wooden box, a soft gray lining protecting the. This product is coming soon. Astraea Spirits MIST. Le Portier’s inaugural release, Shay, is a VSOP, having spent at least four years in French Oak barrels. An after-dinner sipper distilled from fermented fruit juice, cognac is a type of brandy that’s been barrel aged and crafted in Cognac, France. Chemung County Torture-Murder Case; Local News; Regional NewsPlease enter a search term. Caledonia Spirits Barr Hill Reserve Tom Cat. Le Portier Cognac in Moses Lake, WA Expand search. Even two products of the same brand can have variations. Cachaça Pitú Gold. These are the largest Cognac houses in terms of production and worldwide exposure. Bache Gabrielsen Pure & Rustic Tasting Set. The following are 9 examples of exceptionally smooth eau-de-vie. Redd Rose Redd Rose Vodka. Crafted with dedication and artisanal expertise, this opulent cognac underscores our steadfast commitment to quality and innovation, merging heritage with a contemporary edge. Its rich history, complex flavors, and the dedication of its makers make it a bottle worth savoring. Black, simple syrup, oat milk, and 1 whole egg. Courvoisier VSOP Cognac Limited Edition by Yinka Ilori Top Shelf Membership Single Barrel Exclusives Virtual Tasting Experiences Limited Editions. These are priced from $30 to $55 per bottle and need to be sipped slowly after dinner on their own or with a cigar. How to Drink Cognac the Connoisseurs’ Way Read more. Please enter a search term. The official site of Remy Martin Cognac Fine Champagne. To enjoy Rémy Martin VSOP neat or on the. view product details for No. 00 Load More Products Wine Down To Fall SHOP NOW"Shay" by Le Portier is a VSOP cognac that challenges traditional market norms by offering the complexity of a luxury VSOP at a more accessible price point. 1 oz. P embodies the perfect harmony of powerful and elegant aromas. 00 S$332. VS: Aged 2 Years + Cocktails & Mix Drinks & Cooking. Sharpe's VSOP (Shay) is the inaugural release from Le Portier, selling If there's one bottle you're not going to want to miss, it's the award-winning cognac that's shaking up the global spirits market across the U. Strain into a tumbler with fresh ice. Westchester Wine Warehouse. Prunier VSOP Cognac. “It’s youthful and a little coarse, but it won’t get lost in a cocktail. This is the outcome of the collaboration between the Hall of Famer Shannon Sharpe and Le Portier as an exclusive release of just 25,000 bottles. Already a fixture in the most. The History of Cognac Read more. France- Bisquit & Dubouche VSOP is an exceptional cognac mainly crafted from the most prestigious eaux-de-vie of Petite and Grande Champagne. Learn about Hennesy 750ml prices and more. 750ML $ 58. Ja Morant ignored children behind him calling his name. Avg Price (ex-tax) $46 / 750ml. The first cognac of. On the most aged end of the spectrum is X. Planat Organic Cognac VSOP Read Full Review. Review on Le Portier V. E Massenez Williams Pear Brandy. The eaux-de-vie needs to be aged for a minimum of 2 years as law requires ( Rémy Martin does not produce VS cognacs ). Blue Swift uses Kentucky bourbon casks to finish aging its VSOP Cognac. Shay is a sophisticated spirit and a modern expression of an ancient craft; a world-class blend of Grande Champagne, Petite Champagne and Fin Bois, aged for more than four years in French Oak Barrels. Jobs People LearningIt contains 82% VSOP cognac. Planat Organic Cognac VSOP Read Full Review. 9 hours agoElevate your tasting experience with Courvoisier VSOP, a masterfully crafted cognac that represents the art of blending. SteveR . Get Le Portier Shay VSOP Cognac With Gift Box delivered to you in as fast as 1 hour via Instacart or choose curbside or in-store pickup. The silky palate echoes the dried fig note, alongside a Port-like hint of red fruit, finishing notably long on a notes of cocoa, cinnamon and cayenne. Aged 4-6 years Shipped worldwide from France . 93 Points. The best Brandy to buy overall: Remy Martin VSOP Cognac. → VSOP stands for Very Special Old Pale - aged at least four years. O. Coming from a historic cognac house, Frapin VSOP is a balanced expression for those who prefer a leaner cognac. Celebrate harvest season with our expert selection of wines. 오늘 조금 더 자세히 얘기해보려고 합니다. P is twice the age of a standard V. Based on the iconic bell-shaped cognac bottles, the Shay VSOP vessel has a large bulb with a stepped ice that elevates the vessel and the liquid into higher, floating aesthetics, leading to a long, narrow neck, maximising the control of the cognac flow. Starting at $74. We’ll go with the way that most drinkers prefer- first of all, pour about 25 milliliters of Hennessy in your glass. 1 Cognac VSOP in trolley 0. 5 out of 5 stars (15) Item price. Bisquit & Dubouché VSOP is characterised by a. Meukow. Olá a todos, A todos os designers de produto em Portugal, fica aqui uma oportunidade de emprego, parte da expansão da The Craft Irish Whiskey…Shay VSOP Shay is the first product for the new Cognac brand Le Portier, and gathers a combination of the classic cognac heritage with a contemporary approach, culminating in a beautiful bespoke bottle with bla. North Carolina News — Greensboro News — Winston-Salem NewsPlease enter a search term. The eaux-de-vie needs to be aged for a minimum of 2 years as law requires ( Rémy Martin does not produce VS cognacs ). France. Perhaps. LOS ANGELES, June 21, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- Shay by Le Portier, the new cognac release by Pro Football Hall of Famer Shannon Sharpe, wins Platinum - Best in Class at the SIP Awards 2022 seeing Shay by Le Portier placed above all other established cognac greats in the category. → VS stands for Very Special, and it means Cognac was aged at least two years. Try them today, earn rewards and get free shipping from Thompson Cigar. A wonderful example of how a Cognac doesn’t need to have undergone extensive ageing to attain the description of smooth. , is the largest Cognac producer in the world today with sales that exceed 45 million bottles per year. 00 USD) 0/70 characters. ”. A dynamic range of upscale cognacs, crafted with an unwavering commitment to perfection in both craft and design. 300 years of exceptional cognac-making. Your Local Election HQ; Local News; State News; National NewsFur Ingrown Eliminator Serum. The iconic Rémy Martin VSOP cognac embodies the signature style of the House, with a vibrant gold color, revealing dominant notes of vanilla, ripe apricot and baked apple. With Poirier, I tried three different types of Hennessy cognac: VS, VSOP Privilege, and XO. Cognac is Extra Old. Have D’USSE V. Based on the iconic bell-shaped cognac bottles, the Shay VSOP vessel has a large bulb […]V. Shop the best selection of Brandy & Cognac at Total Wine & More. O. 92. ¼ oz (7 ml) lemon juice. Hine Cognac H VSOP Fine Cognac, Cognac, France, 750ml bottle . The drink is strongly ingrained in US Hip Hop culture with Busta Rhymes and P Diddy dedicating the song “Pass the Courvoisier” to the traditional brand. Primary Menu. 94 Points. S. CognacSold out. Discover the differences between Hennesy VSOP, XO, and VS. Austin 82°Pro Football Hall of Famer and current Fox Sports co-host Shannon Sharpe announced Friday that he is launching a premium cognac brand, Shay by Le Portier. 정말 말도 안되는 정보를 사실처럼 적어둔 사람들이 많더라구요. S. Story continues In another extraordinary alliance, Eagle Rock is now the exclusive distributor of "Shay" by Le Portier Cognac in Georgia – giving enthusiasts. Planat Organic Cognac VSOP Read Full Review. SHOP NOW. It is an authentic and joyous introduction to the Courvoisier collection. "Shay" by Le Portier is a VSOP cognac that challenges traditional market norms by offering the complexity of a luxury VSOP at a more accessible price point. Most Awarded Cognac House* *Based on 20 top spirits competitions since 2019. Borderies VSOP is a youthful, vibrant, fruity cognac, with notes of pineapple, orange, apple, coconut, and of course sweet ripe grapes — it’s almost like drinking one of Carmen Miranda’s fruit hats. Immerse yourself in the artistry of this. Already a fixture in the most prestigious Las Vegas venues, " Shay" by Le Portier takes its rightful place on Georgia's shelves – in a salute to Shannon's achievements and in admiration. In 1817, James Hennessy created a unique. 50. Franky describes its flavor. Remy Martin Cognac Louis XIII Rarest Reserve. 9 Ultimate Smooth Cognacs. Laird's Straight Applejack Brandy. 94 Points. 그 이유는. Each limited release of Shay features a different initial monogrammed on the closure. sales tax. S. Rémy Martin V. 94 Points. Shay by Le Portier, the new cognac release by Pro Football Hall of Famer Shannon Sharpe, wins Platinum - Best in Class at the SIP Awards 2022 seeing Shay by Le Portier placed above all other.